A soil profile is vertically differentiated into distinct horizons, each reflecting specific processes of soil formation. From the surface downward, the O horizon contains organic matter, while the A horizon represents humus-rich topsoil with minerals. The E horizon, where present, is characterised by leaching of clay, iron and other materials.
Below it, the B horizon accumulates materials transported from upper layers. The C horizon consists of partially weathered parent material, while the R horizon represents consolidated, unweathered bedrock forming the deepest layer.
APSC Relevance: Soil Horizons, Soil Formation
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