International Relations | Environment & Climate Justice
In a landmark advisory opinion, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) has declared that access to a clean, healthy, and sustainable environment is a fundamental human right under international law.
The opinion was delivered in response to a request by the UN General Assembly in 2023, following an initiative led by Vanuatu, a small island developing state (SIDS), and supported by over 130 nations.
The ICJ was asked to clarify:
What are states’ legal obligations under international law to combat climate change?
What are the legal consequences for failing to act on climate threats?
The ruling strengthens climate justice frameworks, giving vulnerable nations a powerful legal tool to hold polluting states accountable and reinforcing environmental protection as a core component of human rights.
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