Jirga is a customary decision-making institution among Pashtun communities in Afghanistan and Pakistan, where male elders assemble to resolve disputes through consensus. It operates under the Pashtunwali code, which emphasises honour, justice and community harmony.
Jirgas function as informal local courts addressing civil and sometimes criminal matters. At a higher level, the “Loya Jirga” represents a grand assembly convened for major national decisions. Recently, a Pakistan–Afghanistan jirga has called for an immediate ceasefire, highlighting its continuing relevance in conflict resolution.
APSC Relevance: Important for international relations, traditional governance systems and conflict resolution mechanisms.
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