1. Consider the following principles of Sustainable Development:

  1. Inter-generational equity
  2. Precautionary principle
  3. Polluter pays principle
  4. Free-market maximization

Which of the above are part of the core principles of sustainable development?
(A) 1, 2 and 3 only
(B) 1 and 4 only
(C) 2, 3 and 4 only
(D) All of the above

✅ Answer: (A)

2. Which of the following are objectives of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)?

  1. Zero Hunger
  2. Quality Education
  3. Universal Basic Income
  4. Climate Action

(A) 1, 2 and 4 only
(B) 1 and 3 only
(C) 2 and 4 only
(D) All of the above

✅ Answer: (A)
(Universal Basic Income is not an SDG.)

3. With reference to the concept of ecological footprint, consider the following statements:

  1. It measures the amount of natural resources an individual consumes.
  2. A lower ecological footprint indicates a more sustainable lifestyle.
  3. It is used to calculate carbon emissions only.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(A) 1 and 2 only
(B) 2 and 3 only
(C) 1 only
(D) 1, 2 and 3

✅ Answer: (A)

4. Which of the following best describes the Brundtland Commission Report?

(A) It defined the concept of “Anthropocene.”
(B) It introduced the concept of “Green Economy.”
(C) It popularized the definition of Sustainable Development.
(D) It led to the creation of the UN Environment Programme (UNEP).

✅ Answer: (C)

5. Consider the following statements about the Paris Agreement:

  1. It is legally binding on all countries to achieve net-zero emissions.
  2. It replaced the Kyoto Protocol.
  3. It aims to limit global warming to well below 2°C, preferably to 1.5°C.

Which of the statements is/are correct?
(A) 2 and 3 only
(B) 1 and 2 only
(C) 3 only
(D) 1, 2 and 3

✅ Answer: (A)
(The agreement is not legally binding in terms of emission targets.)

6. Which of the following sectors are covered under India’s National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC)?

  1. Solar energy
  2. Sustainable agriculture
  3. Urban mobility
  4. Water conservation

(A) 1, 2 and 4 only
(B) 1 and 4 only
(C) 2 and 3 only
(D) All of the above

✅ Answer: (A)
(Urban mobility is not a specific mission under NAPCC.)

7. With reference to the concept of “Decoupling” in sustainability, consider the following statements:

  1. It refers to separating economic growth from environmental degradation.
  2. It is a key concept in the transition to a green economy.
  3. Absolute decoupling is easier to achieve than relative decoupling.

Which of the statements is/are correct?
(A) 1 and 2 only
(B) 1 and 3 only
(C) 2 and 3 only
(D) All of the above

✅ Answer: (A)
(Absolute decoupling is harder to achieve.)

8. Which of the following international initiatives focus on sustainability?

  1. UN Global Compact
  2. REDD+
  3. World Trade Organization (WTO) Trade Facilitation Agreement
  4. The Earth Charter

(A) 1, 2 and 4 only
(B) 2, 3 and 4 only
(C) 1 and 2 only
(D) All of the above

✅ Answer: (A)
(WTO’s TFA is primarily trade-focused, not sustainability-centered.)

9. Which of the following are part of the Three Pillars of Sustainable Development as defined by the UN?

  1. Economic sustainability
  2. Cultural sustainability
  3. Social sustainability
  4. Environmental sustainability

(A) 1, 2 and 3 only
(B) 1, 3 and 4 only
(C) 2, 3 and 4 only
(D) All of the above

✅ Answer: (B)
(Cultural sustainability is important but not one of the 3 formal UN pillars.)

10. Which of the following actions align with sustainable consumption and production (SDG 12)?

  1. Recycling and reusing materials
  2. Promoting fast fashion
  3. Reducing food waste
  4. Encouraging single-use plastics

(A) 1 and 3 only
(B) 2 and 4 only
(C) 1, 3 and 4 only
(D) All of the above

✅ Answer: (A)

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