APSC RESEARCH ASST 2026 LABOUR: TEST 16 ON LABOUR LAWS (100 PRIORITY MCQS)

Q1. With reference to Industrial Relations, consider the following statements:

1. Industrial relations traditionally focused only on the relationship between employers and employees.
2. The Systems Model of Industrial Relations includes three actors: management, workers, and government agencies.
3. The Directive Principles of State Policy have no relevance to industrial relations.
4. The Unitary Perspective considers conflict as a necessary outcome of industrial relations.
   A) 1 and 3 only B) 2 only C) 2 and 4 only D) 1, 2, and 4 only

Q2. Consider the following statements regarding trade unions in India:

1. The first workers’ organization in India was the Bombay Mill Hands Association.
2. Trade unions act solely to promote economic welfare of workers.
3. The Pluralist Perspective supports trade unionism as a response to conflicting interests in industrial relations.
4. The Radical Perspective views trade unions as a means to uphold capitalist interests.
   A) 1 and 3 only B) 2 and 4 only C) 1, 3, and 4 only D) 1, 2, and 3 only

Q3. Regarding theoretical perspectives on industrial relations:

1. The Systems Model treats IR as a structured framework influenced by environmental factors.
2. The Pluralist Perspective views organizations as homogenous entities with shared goals.
3. The Radical Perspective is inspired by Marxist thought.
4. The Unitary Perspective sees trade unions as an unnecessary disruption.
   A) 1, 2, and 3 only B) 1, 3, and 4 only C) 2 and 4 only D) 1 and 3 only

Q4. With reference to trade unions:

1. They are primarily concerned with political mobilization of workers.
2. They ensure workers’ participation in decision-making processes.
3. Trade unions in India emerged in the early 20th century.
4. Objectives of trade unions include both economic and social welfare of workers.
   A) 1 and 3 only B) 2, 3, and 4 only C) 1, 2, and 4 only D) 1, 2, 3, and 4

Q5. The First National Commission on Labour (1969) made recommendations on:

1. Regulation of contract labour
2. Strengthening collective bargaining mechanisms
3. Deregulation of industrial laws
4. Prohibition of strikes in public sector
   A) 1 and 2 only B) 3 and 4 only C) 1, 2, and 3 only D) 1, 2, 3, and 4

Q6. Which principle is NOT associated with labour legislations in India?
A) Social equity B) Social justice C) Profit maximization D) Worker participation

Q7. The Bombay Mill Hands Association was formed in:
A) 1851 B) 1890 C) 1917 D) 1926

Q8. The Pluralist Perspective believes:
A) Conflicts are anomalies to be eliminated B) IR based on cooperation not conflict C) Trade unions play an important role in resolving conflicts D) Employers/employees have identical interests

Q9. Which is NOT a function of trade unions?
A) Representing workers in negotiations B) Lobbying for labour-friendly laws C) Increasing employer profit margins D) Promoting workers’ education and welfare

Q10. Consider elements of the tripartite structure of IR in India:

1. Government 2. Employers 3. Workers 4. Judiciary
   A) 1, 2, and 3 only B) 1 and 3 only C) 2, 3, and 4 only D) 1, 2, 3, and 4

Q11. Which is NOT a type of trade union?
A) Craft union B) Political union C) General union D) Industrial union

Q12. The Second National Commission on Labour (2002) recommended:
A) Abolition of all labour laws B) Umbrella legislation for unorganised sector workers C) Centralization of trade unions D) Elimination of tripartite IR

Q13. Which is a protective legislation?
A) Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 B) Payment of Wages Act, 1936 C) Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986 D) Trade Unions Act, 1926

Q14. “Collective bargaining” refers to:
A) Unilateral decision-making by employers B) Negotiations between employers and workers C) A tax collection mechanism D) A government policy on trade unions

Q15. The Code of Discipline in industry was established during:
A) First Five Year Plan B) Second Five Year Plan C) Third Five Year Plan D) Fourth Five Year Plan

Q16. Which is NOT a characteristic of the Systems Model of IR?
A) Interaction between labour, management, government B) Influence of environmental factors C) Elimination of trade unions D) Formation of industrial regulations

Q17. In India, labour laws are part of the:
A) Union List B) State List C) Concurrent List D) Residuary List

Q18. The Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 primarily deals with:
A) Collective bargaining rights B) Resolution of industrial conflicts C) Establishment of trade unions D) Social security benefits

Q19. Which is a bipartite arrangement in IR?
A) Industrial tribunals B) Collective bargaining C) Labour courts D) Standing Labour Committee

Q20. Who proposed the Systems Model in Industrial Relations?
A) Karl Marx B) John Dunlop C) Adam Smith D) Max Weber

Q21. With reference to IR in India:

1. Constitution plays no role in shaping labour policies.
2. DPSP guide establishment of just and humane conditions of work.
3. Article 19 guarantees freedom of speech and association, influencing IR.
4. Tripartite system includes labour, management, and judiciary.
   A) 2 and 3 only B) 1 and 4 only C) 1, 2, and 3 only D) 2, 3, and 4 only

Q22. History of IR in India:

1. Indigo plantations (1831) marked beginning of modern industries.
2. Factories Act of 1881 was first legislation regulating labour conditions.
3. Bombay Mill Hands Association (1890) was first workers’ association.
4. Trade unions legally recognized via Trade Unions Act, 1926.
   A) 1 and 4 only B) 2, 3, and 4 only C) 1, 2, 3, and 4 D) 1, 2, and 3 only

Q23. Functions of trade unions:

1. Promote industrial harmony without political interference.
2. Perform service, regulatory, and public administration functions.
3. Solely responsible for collective bargaining and strikes.
4. Modern unions also focus on welfare, education, training.
   A) 1 and 3 only B) 2 and 4 only C) 3 and 4 only D) 2, 3, and 4 only

Q24. Theories of trade unions:

1. Marxian Class Conflict Theory views unions as means to abolish capitalism.
2. Webb’s Theory of Industrial Democracy focuses on workplace democracy.
3. Cole’s Theory emphasizes union control over political institutions.
4. Perlman’s Theory of Scarcity Consciousness highlights job security.
   A) 1, 2, and 4 only B) 2 and 3 only C) 1, 2, 3, and 4 D) 1 and 4 only

Q25. Constitutional rights directly affecting labour policies:

1. Right to Equality (Art 14) 2. Right to Freedom of Association (Art 19) 3. Right to Property (Art 31) 4. Prohibition of Forced Labour (Art 23)
   A) 1, 2, and 4 only B) 2 and 3 only C) 1, 2, 3, and 4 D) 1 and 4 only

Q26. Functions performed by trade unions:

1. Legal and financial advice to members. 2. Negotiating wage increases with government. 3. Organizing cultural/recreational activities. 4. Managing industrial enterprises independently.
   A) 1 and 3 only B) 1, 2, and 3 only C) 2 and 4 only D) 1, 3, and 4 only

Q27. DPSP guide the State to:

1. Secure equal pay for equal work. 2. Provide free legal aid. 3. Mandate compulsory union membership. 4. Ensure workers’ participation in management.
   A) 1, 2, and 4 only B) 2 and 3 only C) 1 and 4 only D) 1, 2, 3, and 4

Q28. Radical Perspective of IR:

1. Conflict between labour/management natural and unavoidable. 2. Trade unions are tools of capitalist control. 3. IR reflects oppressive nature of capitalist societies. 4. Goal of IR is to maximize employer profits.
   A) 1 and 3 only B) 2 and 4 only C) 1, 2, and 3 only D) 3 and 4 only

Q29. Structure of trade unions in India:

1. National-level federations = highest tier. 2. Regional federations cater to specific states/regions. 3. Plant-level unions affiliated directly with international labour organizations. 4. Local federations consist of plant-level unions within industry/craft.
   A) 1, 2, and 4 only B) 2 and 3 only C) 1 and 3 only D) 1, 2, 3, and 4

Q30. Impact of globalization on trade unions in India:

1. Increased union membership due to liberalization. 2. Shift from militant to developmental/supportive roles. 3. Enhanced women’s participation. 4. Total elimination of union influence in private sector.
   A) 1 and 4 only B) 2 and 3 only C) 1, 2, and 3 only D) 2, 3, and 4 only

Q31. Functions of trade unions (Ewing):

1. Service and representation functions. 2. Regulatory and governmental functions. 3. Political party management functions. 4. Public administration functions.
   A) 1 and 2 only B) 1, 2, and 4 only C) 2, 3, and 4 only D) 1, 3, and 4 only

Q32. Trade unions in India historically evolved through:

1. Colonial industrial policies. 2. Economic impact of WWI/WWII. 3. Complete exclusion from political movements. 4. Establishment of Indian National Congress.
   A) 1, 2, and 4 only B) 1 and 3 only C) 2 and 4 only D) 1, 2, and 3 only

Q33. Regulatory legislations in India:

1. Trade Unions Act, 1926 2. Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 3. Payment of Wages Act, 1936 4. Factories Act, 1948
   A) 1 and 2 only B) 1, 2, and 3 only C) 2, 3, and 4 only D) 1, 2, and 4 only

Q34. Methods adopted by trade unions:

1. Collective bargaining 2. Legal enactments 3. Mutual insurance 4. Political lobbying exclusively
   A) 1 and 2 only B) 1, 2, and 3 only C) 2 and 4 only D) 1, 3, and 4 only

Q35. Gandhi’s Trusteeship Theory:

1. Unions should focus solely on wage negotiations. 2. Labour and capital should exist in harmony. 3. Unions should uplift workers’ social/economic conditions. 4. Wealth belongs solely to capitalists.
   A) 1 and 4 only B) 2 and 3 only C) 1, 2, and 3 only D) 2, 3, and 4 only

Q36. Constitutional articles promoting worker welfare:

1. Article 39 – Adequate means of livelihood 2. Article 42 – Just and humane conditions of work 3. Article 45 – Free/compulsory education 4. Article 19 – Right to form associations
   A) 1, 2, and 4 only B) 1, 3, and 4 only C) 2, 3, and 4 only D) 1, 2, 3, and 4

Q37. First National Commission on Labour recommended:

1. Strengthening trade unions for industrial harmony. 2. Banning all strikes in public sector. 3. Enhancing workers’ participation in management. 4. Deregulating industrial laws.
   A) 1 and 3 only B) 2 and 4 only C) 1, 2, and 3 only D) 1 and 4 only

Q38. Factors contributing to emergence of trade unions in India:

1. Exploitation of workers in early industrialization. 2. Influence of Industrial Revolution. 3. Establishment of democracy in India. 4. Technological innovations reducing manual labour.
   A) 1 and 2 only B) 1, 2, and 4 only C) 2 and 3 only D) 1, 2, 3, and 4

Q39. Unitary Perspective assumes:

1. Management/workers have conflicting goals. 2. Trade unions unnecessary as management represents all interests. 3. Organizations operate as cohesive social systems with shared objectives. 4. Conflicts natural and inevitable.
   A) 1 and 4 only B) 2 and 3 only C) 2, 3, and 4 only D) 1, 2, and 3 only

Q40. The concept of mutual insurance in trade unions refers to:
A) Financial aid to management during disputes B) Insurance/benefits to union members against economic uncertainties C) State-funded welfare schemes to support union activities D) Forcing workers to accept lower wages for job security

Q41. Methods adopted by trade unions to achieve objectives:

1. Collective bargaining is the most preferred peaceful method. 2. Mutual insurance is a primary purpose. 3. Legal enactments used to secure rights. 4. Pressure tactics (strikes, gherao) commonly employed.
   A) 1 and 3 only B) 1, 3, and 4 only C) 2 and 4 only D) 1, 2, and 4 only

Q42. Impact of globalization on IR in India:

1. Reduced role of trade unions in private sector. 2. New issues like job security in collective bargaining. 3. Workers’ participation in management increased. 4. No impact on labour migration.
   A) 1, 2, and 3 only B) 2 and 4 only C) 1 and 4 only D) 1, 2, 3, and 4

Q43. Principles of labour legislations:

1. Social equity ensures equality between social groups. 2. Social justice emphasizes fair distribution of profits/safe conditions. 3. Labour legislations primarily influenced by British Industrial Revolution. 4. Constitution has no influence on labour legislations.
   A) 1 and 2 only B) 1 and 3 only C) 2 and 4 only D) 1, 2, and 4 only

Q44. Second National Commission on Labour (2002) recommended:

1. Umbrella legislation for social security of unorganised sector workers. 2. Complete deregulation of existing labour laws. 3. Strengthening tripartite system in IR. 4. Legalising all forms of strikes without restrictions.
   A) 1 and 3 only B) 2 and 4 only C) 1, 2, and 3 only D) 1, 3, and 4 only

Q45. Levels of Workers’ Participation in Management (WPM):

1. Enterprise-level through works committees/collective bargaining. 2. Regional-level through State Labour Advisory Boards. 3. National-level through tripartite bodies. 4. International-level through ILO.
   A) 1 and 3 only B) 2, 3, and 4 only C) 1, 2, 3, and 4 D) 1 and 4 only

Q46. Objectives of WPM include:

1. Sharing decision-making power with workers. 2. Increasing employer profit margins by reducing worker involvement. 3. Promoting industrial peace through mutual trust. 4. Empowering employees via involvement in decisions.
   A) 1, 3, and 4 only B) 2 and 4 only C) 1 and 3 only D) 1, 2, 3, and 4

Q47. Challenges implementing WPM in India:

1. Management reluctance to share information. 2. High interest among uneducated workers. 3. Lack of sustained communication between unions/management. 4. Perceived differences in social status/education.
   A) 1 and 3 only B) 1, 3, and 4 only C) 2 and 4 only D) 1, 2, 3, and 4

Q48. Modern IR system influenced by:

1. Increased awareness among workers of rights. 2. New management systems for worker-management relations. 3. Complete elimination of trade unions due to privatization. 4. Expansion of IR scope beyond traditional employer-employee relations.
   A) 1, 2, and 4 only B) 2 and 3 only C) 1 and 4 only D) 1, 2, 3, and 4

Q49. Methods of WPM:

1. Quality circles (voluntary, collaborative). 2. ESOPs as means to increase workers’ control. 3. Compulsory union membership enforced by government. 4. Joint committees at enterprise level.
   A) 1, 2, and 4 only B) 2 and 3 only C) 1 and 3 only D) 1, 2, 3, and 4

Q50. Principles of labour legislation in India:

1. Ensuring social equity across social groups. 2. Promoting social justice by protecting workers’ rights/welfare. 3. Enforcing strict employer dominance in IR. 4. Ensuring fair distribution of profits.
   A) 1, 2, and 4 only B) 2 and 3 only C) 1 and 4 only D) 1, 2, 3, and 4

Q51. Impact of technological changes on IR:

1. Obsolescence of skills. 2. Enhanced need for training/retraining. 3. Increased job security for all workers. 4. Strengthened labour-management relations due to automation.
   A) 1 and 2 only B) 2 and 3 only C) 1, 2, and 4 only D) 1, 3, and 4 only

Q52. Evolution of IR in India:

1. Factories Act 1881 = first legal intervention. 2. Influenced by First National Commission on Labour recommendations. 3. Liberalization (1991) had no significant impact. 4. Post-liberalization, unions shifted from militant to developmental roles.
   A) 1, 2, and 4 only B) 1 and 3 only C) 2 and 4 only D) 1, 2, 3, and 4

Q53. WPM is known as “co-determination” in:
A) India B) Germany C) Japan D) USA

Q54. Types of labour legislations in India:

1. Regulatory (e.g. Trade Unions Act 1926). 2. Wage-related (e.g. Payment of Wages Act 1936). 3. Protective (e.g. Child Labour Act 1986). 4. Tax legislations on industrial profit margins.
   A) 1, 2, and 3 only B) 2 and 4 only C) 1 and 4 only D) 1, 2, 3, and 4

Q55. The concept of industrial democracy implies:
A) Complete managerial control B) Workers’ involvement in decision-making C) Abolition of trade unions in favor of cooperatives D) Centralized government control over IR

Q56. Effects of globalization on IR:

1. Increased labour migration. 2. Greater worker participation in management decisions. 3. Decline in significance of trade unions in developed nations. 4. Enhanced cross-cultural issues in MNCs.
   A) 1, 2, and 4 only B) 2 and 3 only C) 1 and 4 only D) 1, 2, 3, and 4

Q57. Unitary Perspective of IR assumes:

1. There are inherent conflicts between employers and employees. 2. Organizations function as cohesive systems with shared objectives. 3. Trade unions are necessary for healthy IR. 4. Management/workers have identical goals.
   A) 1 and 3 only B) 2 and 4 only C) 1, 2, and 3 only D) 2, 3, and 4 only

Q58. Primary objectives of trade unions include:

1. Protecting economic interests of workers. 2. Promoting political ideologies irrespective of worker welfare. 3. Ensuring just and humane working conditions. 4. Engaging in militant activities against employers.
   A) 1 and 3 only B) 2 and 4 only C) 1, 2, and 3 only D) 1, 3, and 4 only

Q59. Which is NOT a method adopted by trade unions to achieve their goals?
A) Strikes and picketing B) Legal enactments C) Collective bargaining D) Centralized government control

Q60. Workers’ participation in management in India began with:
A) Industrial Policy Resolution of 1956 B) Formation of Indian National Congress C) Joint committees in railways and government printing presses (1920) D) Enactment of Trade Unions Act, 1926

Q61. With reference to industrial conflict and disputes:

1. Unitary approach considers workplace conflict as temporary aberration from poor management. 2. Pluralistic approach views conflicts as inevitable and conducive for growth. 3. Marxist approach sees conflicts as outcome of capitalist society. 4. Conflicts in IR are always negative and destructive.
   A) 1, 2, and 3 only B) 2 and 4 only C) 1, 3, and 4 only D) 1, 2, 3, and 4

Q62. Statutory measures for settlement of industrial disputes:

1. Works Committees under Section 3 of ID Act, 1947 2. Conciliation Officers appointed by government 3. Labour Courts and Industrial Tribunals 4. Grievance Redressal Committees (non-statutory)
   A) 1, 2, and 3 only B) 2 and 4 only C) 1, 2, and 4 only D) 1, 2, 3, and 4

Q63. Regarding collective bargaining in India:

1. Voluntary and formal process of negotiation. 2. ID Act, 1947 mandates collective bargaining for all industries. 3. Promotes industrial democracy. 4. Political affiliations in trade unions have contributed to failure of collective bargaining.
   A) 1, 3, and 4 only B) 1 and 2 only C) 2 and 3 only D) 1, 2, 3, and 4

Q64. Forms of industrial conflict:

1. Strikes 2. Lock-outs 3. Bandhs 4. Gheraos
   A) 1 and 2 only B) 3 and 4 only C) 1, 2, 3, and 4 D) 1, 2, and 3 only

Q65. Objectives of labour welfare include:

1. Enhancing worker productivity/efficiency. 2. Improving morale, reducing absenteeism. 3. Ensuring political alignment of workers with trade unions. 4. Better quality of life for workers/families.
   A) 1, 2, and 4 only B) 2 and 3 only C) 1, 3, and 4 only D) 1, 2, 3, and 4

Q66. Theories of labour welfare:

1. Police Theory – employers coerced by law. 2. Paternalistic Theory – employers as guardians. 3. Utilitarian Theory – welfare as investment for productivity. 4. Capitalist Theory – opposes welfare measures.
   A) 1, 2, and 3 only B) 2 and 4 only C) 1 and 3 only D) 1, 2, 3, and 4

Q67. With reference to industrial discipline:

1. Essential for maintaining industrial peace/harmony. 2. Positive discipline involves punitive measures. 3. Negative discipline relies on fear of punishment. 4. Disciplinary actions must conform to natural justice.
   A) 1, 3, and 4 only B) 2 and 3 only C) 1, 2, and 4 only D) 1, 2, 3, and 4

Q68. Grievance handling procedures include:

1. Preliminary enquiry and charge sheet. 2. Enquiry and order of punishment. 3. Compulsory arbitration by government in all cases. 4. Provision for at least one appeal.
   A) 1, 2, and 4 only B) 2 and 3 only C) 1 and 3 only D) 1, 2, 3, and 4

Q69. Code of Discipline in IR applies to:

1. Public sector enterprises only. 2. Both public and private sector. 3. Ensuring cooperation between management and workers. 4. Enforcing strict employer dominance in all matters.
   A) 1 and 3 only B) 2 and 3 only C) 2 and 4 only D) 1, 2, and 4 only

Q70. The role of conciliation in industrial dispute settlement:

1. Facilitating negotiations between disputing parties. 2. Imposing mandatory decisions on both parties. 3. Helping parties understand conflicts/interests. 4. Ensuring disputes resolved exclusively through legal means.
   A) 1 and 3 only B) 2 and 4 only C) 1, 2, and 3 only D) 1, 3, and 4 only

Q71. The ID Act, 1947 mandates Works Committees for:
A) Any establishment employing 100 or more workmen B) All establishments regardless of number of employees C) Only public sector enterprises with more than 50 employees D) Establishments with more than 200 employees in private sector

Q72. Non-statutory measures for settlement of industrial disputes:

1. Workers’ Participation in Management (WPM) 2. Collective bargaining 3. Code of Discipline 4. Industrial Tribunals
   A) 1, 2, and 3 only B) 2 and 4 only C) 1 and 4 only D) 1, 2, 3, and 4

Q73. The process of arbitration in industrial disputes refers to:
A) Voluntary agreement by both parties to refer dispute to a third party B) Government-enforced resolution without party consent C) A process where only employers have the right to appeal D) Mandatory resolution through courts without negotiation

Q74. Key principles of industrial discipline include:

1. Impartiality and consistency in applying disciplinary actions. 2. Punitive measures without prior investigation. 3. Compliance with natural justice/fair procedures. 4. Disciplinary actions confidential and unchallengeable.
   A) 1 and 3 only B) 2 and 4 only C) 1, 2, and 4 only D) 1, 3, and 4 only

Q75. Main objectives of grievance procedures include:

1. Ensuring fair treatment/justice for employees. 2. Providing reasonable authority to managers. 3. Allowing employees to bypass procedures and approach courts directly. 4. Promoting trade union participation in dispute resolution.
   A) 1, 2, and 4 only B) 2 and 3 only C) 1 and 3 only D) 1, 2, 3, and 4

Q76. Labour welfare activities are guided by:

1. Humanitarian approach – social responsibility of employers. 2. Utilitarian approach – welfare as investment. 3. Paternalistic approach – employers as guardians. 4. Capitalist approach – focus solely on profit maximization.
   A) 1, 2, and 3 only B) 2 and 4 only C) 1 and 4 only D) 1, 2, 3, and 4

Q77. Industrial disputes may arise due to:

1. Disagreements over wages/working conditions. 2. Jurisdictional disputes between rival trade unions. 3. Conflicts between employers over business strategies. 4. Strict adherence to legal frameworks preventing disputes.
   A) 1 and 2 only B) 1, 2, and 3 only C) 2 and 4 only D) 1, 3, and 4 only

Q78. Settlement of industrial disputes without state intervention includes:

1. Collective bargaining 2. Voluntary arbitration 3. Compulsory adjudication 4. Legal enforcement of decisions by government
   A) 1 and 2 only B) 2 and 3 only C) 1, 3, and 4 only D) 1, 2, and 4 only

Q79. The concept of labour welfare is enshrined in which articles?

1. Article 38 – Securing a social order for promotion of welfare. 2. Article 41 – Right to work, education, public assistance. 3. Article 42 – Just and humane conditions of work/maternity relief. 4. Article 47 – Raising level of nutrition/public health.
   A) 1, 2, and 4 only B) 2 and 3 only C) 1, 2, 3, and 4 D) 1 and 3 only

Q80. Examples of industrial grievances:

1. Discrimination in promotions 2. Unsafe working conditions 3. Delay in wage payments 4. Personal disagreements unrelated to work
   A) 1, 2, and 3 only B) 2 and 4 only C) 1 and 3 only D) 1, 2, 3, and 4

Q81. Role of the State in labour policies:

1. State intervenes proactively in shaping wage policies (e.g., Wage Boards). 2. Planning Commission had no role in labour policy formulation. 3. State plays neutral role, acts only when disputes arise. 4. State’s role includes welfare initiatives beyond dispute resolution.
   A) 1 and 3 only B) 2, 3, and 4 only C) 1 and 4 only D) 1, 2, 3, and 4

Q82. Five Year Plans and labour policy in India:

1. First Five Year Plan focused heavily on technological innovations over labour welfare. 2. Second Five Year Plan introduced industrial democracy concepts. 3. Fourth Five Year Plan emphasized employment generation/worker welfare. 4. Eighth Five Year Plan focused on liberalization and skill development.
   A) 1, 2, and 4 only B) 2 and 4 only C) 1 and 3 only D) 1, 2, 3, and 4

Q83. Regarding wage policies in India:

1. Wage Boards are tripartite bodies (employers, workers, independent members). 2. Government has no role in fixing minimum wages. 3. Wage policies influenced by Planning Commission recommendations. 4. Bargaining Theory and Subsistence Theory shape wage structures.
   A) 1, 2, and 4 only B) 1, 3, and 4 only C) 2 and 3 only D) 1, 2, 3, and 4

Q84. The International Labour Organization (ILO) is responsible for:

1. Drafting Conventions and Recommendations on labour standards. 2. Enforcing all labour laws directly in member countries. 3. Assisting governments in aligning national laws with international standards. 4. Imposing sanctions on non-compliant governments.
   A) 1 and 4 only B) 1 and 3 only C) 2 and 4 only D) 1, 2, 3, and 4

Q85. India has ratified the following core ILO Conventions:

1. Forced Labour Convention (No. 29) 2. Equal Remuneration Convention (No. 100) 3. Abolition of Forced Labour Convention (No. 105) 4. Freedom of Association and Protection of Right to Organize Convention (No. 87)
   A) 1, 2, and 3 only B) 2 and 4 only C) 1, 3, and 4 only D) 1, 2, 3, and 4

Q86. The role of ILO includes:

1. Conducting research on global labour issues. 2. Drafting binding international treaties. 3. Providing administrative assistance for labour inspections. 4. Enforcing labour rights through international courts.
   A) 1 and 3 only B) 2 and 4 only C) 1, 2, and 3 only D) 1, 2, 3, and 4

Q87. Industrial health and safety encompass:

1. Promotion of physical well-being and disease prevention. 2. Worker-led safety initiatives without management support. 3. Statutory and non-statutory measures to ensure safety. 4. Employer-exclusive responsibility for workplace safety.
   A) 1 and 2 only B) 1, 3, and 4 only C) 1, 3, and 4 only D) 1, 2, 3, and 4

Q88. The National Policy on Occupational Safety and Health in India draws from:

1. Directive Principles of State Policy. 2. International labour conventions. 3. Industrial Policy of 1956, emphasizing technological growth over worker safety. 4. Fundamental Rights like Article 21.
   A) 1, 2, and 4 only B) 2 and 3 only C) 1 and 3 only D) 1, 2, 3, and 4

Q89. Industrial safety in India is administered through:

1. Central-level regulations by Ministry of Labour and Employment. 2. State-level through Factory Safety Boards. 3. Plant-level via safety committees and worker representation. 4. National-level through international organizations like ILO.
   A) 1 and 4 only B) 1, 2, and 3 only C) 2 and 4 only D) 1, 2, 3, and 4

Q90. The Employees’ State Insurance (ESI) Scheme covers:

1. Health benefits for workers in organized sectors. 2. Social security benefits for unorganized sector workers. 3. Comprehensive insurance for government employees. 4. Safety obligations handled solely by private management.
   A) 1 and 3 only B) 1 and 4 only C) 2 and 4 only D) 1, 2, 3, and 4

Q91. The Five Year Plans contributed to labour policies by:

1. Promoting industrial democracy in the Second Plan. 2. Ignoring labour welfare in favour of technological development in the Third Plan. 3. Emphasizing worker participation in management during the Eighth Plan. 4. Removing labour from policy framework in Twelfth Plan.
   A) 1, 2, and 3 only B) 2 and 4 only C) 1 and 3 only D) 1, 2, 3, and 4

Q92. Industrial health and safety risks can arise from:

1. Outdated machinery and tools. 2. Lack of proper safety training. 3. Technological innovations eliminating all workplace risks. 4. Environmental factors like hazardous chemicals.
   A) 1, 2, and 4 only B) 2 and 3 only C) 1 and 3 only D) 1, 2, 3, and 4

Q93. Causes of industrial accidents include:

1. Lack of safety protocols. 2. Faulty equipment/machinery. 3. Strict compliance with safety norms ensuring zero accidents. 4. Human negligence/insufficient supervision.
   A) 1, 2, and 4 only B) 2 and 3 only C) 1 and 3 only D) 1, 2, 3, and 4

Q94. The Directorate General of Factory Advice Service & Labour Institutes (DGFASLI) assists in:

1. Formulating national policies on occupational safety. 2. Supervising safety compliance in all sectors. 3. Providing technical advice on industrial health/safety. 4. Managing the ESI Scheme.
   A) 1 and 3 only B) 2 and 4 only C) 1, 2, and 3 only D) 1, 3, and 4 only

Q95. The Second National Commission on Labour (2002) recommended:

1. Simplification and codification of labour laws. 2. Elimination of all labour welfare for small-scale industries. 3. Establishment of a national body for occupational safety. 4. Exemption of unorganized sector from regulatory oversight.
   A) 1 and 3 only B) 2 and 4 only C) 1 and 2 only D) 1, 3, and 4 only

Q96. The Employees’ State Insurance Act, 1948 covers:

1. Industrial workers in both public and private sectors. 2. Agricultural workers in rural areas. 3. Employees in hazardous industries like mining. 4. Government employees in administrative offices.
   A) 1 and 3 only B) 2 and 4 only C) 1, 2, and 3 only D) 1, 3, and 4 only

Q97. The role of tripartism in Indian labour policy involves:

1. Equal representation of employers, employees, government in decision-making bodies. 2. Exclusive representation by trade unions in all industrial decisions. 3. Creation of tripartite bodies like the Indian Labour Conference (ILC). 4. Exclusion of employers from national-level labour discussions.
   A) 1 and 3 only B) 2 and 4 only C) 1, 3, and 4 only D) 1, 2, 3, and 4

Q98. Occupational health and safety in India include:

1. Statutory regulations like the Factories Act, 1948. 2. Voluntary guidelines set by private industries. 3. Awareness programs/safety training for workers. 4. Centralized enforcement through Ministry of Labour and Employment.
   A) 1 and 2 only B) 1, 3, and 4 only C) 2 and 4 only D) 1, 2, 3, and 4

Q99. The Planning Commission’s contribution to labour policy includes:

1. Employment generation in the First and Fifth Plans. 2. Introducing skill development in the Eighth Plan. 3. Complete exclusion of labour issues in the Twelfth Plan. 4. Encouraging industrial peace through dispute resolution mechanisms.
   A) 1, 2, and 4 only B) 2 and 3 only C) 1 and 4 only D) 1, 2, 3, and 4

Q100. The role of the Directorate General of Mines Safety includes:

1. Ensuring safety regulations in all sectors of the economy. 2. Conducting inspections of mining operations. 3. Providing legal aid to miners involved in disputes. 4. Enforcing safety standards in coal and metal mines.
   A) 1 and 2 only B) 2 and 4 only C) 1, 2, and 3 only D) 1, 2, 3, and 4